Lincoln-Douglas Debates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lincoln-Douglas Debates - Essay Example He also insisted that he would be happy to abolish slave trade and slavery â€Å"I should be exceedingly glad to see slavery abolished in the District of Columbia.† His lack of support for the slavery was however not that passionate and he would not put in personal effort to see it end unless Congress as a whole made that decision based on the power the constitution had accorded them. He made this position very clear in his speech when he said â€Å"†¦I should not with my present views be in favor of endeavoring to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia†¦ (Henretta and Kevin 333)† His position on slavery was legal as he based everything on the constitution. This is evident for example when he said that he would abolish slavery because he was a member of the Congress and the Congress had the constitutional power to abolish it through changing or amending the slavery laws that were currently present. He also gave a number of legal conditions in which he would abolish slavery including if the majority of the voters in the District of Columbia voted for it to be abolished and also if the owners of those slaves were to be compensated for having to part with their slaves who were their laborers. An individual watching this speech would expect that once Lincoln becomes the president, he would honor his words by using his constitutional power to abolish slavery or influence the Congress to amend the constitution and especially the clauses that allow slavery as a way to abolish slavery. These expectations are based on the fact that Lincoln was a man who knew law very well and followed it to the letter and he was also a man of actions and especially when it is something he desired. If his desires were therefore on abolishing slavery, he would have made that happen as soon as he became president. His desires to abolish slavery

A case study on Harley-Davidson.Com Essay Example for Free

A case study on Harley-Davidson.Com Essay I. Statement of the Problem Although Harley Davidson dominates the market in North America, it has been the smallest in Europe and the 4th in Asia/Pacific region which is dominated by Japanese brands. One reason for Harley’s smaller market share in Europe and Asia region is that the company cannot produce enough motorcycles to meet demand and its prices tend to be higher than competitive models. Shortages of Harleys lead many consumers to purchase competitive bikes as there are 2-year waiting lists for some Harley models. The researcher of this study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the best way to advertise or market Harleys in the Europe and Asia/Pacific region? 2. What improvements shall be done in Harley-davidson. com website? II. Objectives of the Study This study seeks the following objectives: to be able to understand the market share of Harley Davidson from the case study to determine which advertising is best for Harley Davidson in Europe and Asia to know whether the official website of Harley is good enough and competitive enough to give the best solution to increase market share and sales of Harley in Europe and Asia/Pacific region III. Scopes and Limitations of the Study. The study includes the current situation of Harley Davidson Company, the nature of the company, the background, its market share in different countries and the effect of its official website on consumer behavior. The study however, is limited with only secondary data available from the text and from the official websites of Harley and its competing brands. This study has recommendations and points of view that are based from my own perspectives and thinking as a marketing student. IV. Nature of The Research A. Harley Davidson Harley-Davidson, often abbreviated H-D or Harley, is an American motorcycle manufacturer. Founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, during the first decade of the 20th century, it was one of two major American motorcycle manufacturers to survive the Great Depression. Harley-Davidson also survived a period of poor quality control and competition from Japanese manufacturers. The company sells heavyweight (over 750 cc) motorcycles designed for cruising on the highway. Harley-Davidson motorcycles (popularly known as Harleys) have a distinctive design and exhaust note. They are especially noted for the tradition of heavy customization that gave rise to the chopper-style of motorcycle. Except for the modern VRSC model family, current Harley-Davidson motorcycles reflect the styles of classic Harley designs. Harley-Davidsons attempts to establish itself in the light motorcycle market have met with limited success and have largely been abandoned since the 1978 sale of its Italian Aermacchi subsidiary. Harley-Davidson sustains a loyal brand community which keeps active through clubs, events, and a museum. Licensing of the Harley-Davidson logo accounts for almost 5% of the companys net revenue. B. Global Competitors Honda motorcycles, Kawasaki, Suzuki and Yamaha are some of the major competitors of Harley Davidson. C. Motorcycle Buyers The demographic profile of motorcycle buyers has changed over the years. According to the Motorcycle Industry Council, 61% of buyers are over 35 years old whereas in 1980, only 27% has reached this age. In 1980, only 2. 4% of motorcycle buyers had incomes of $50,000 or higher, whereas in 1998, over one third were in this income group. White-collar professionals are the largest group of new bike riders, accounting for 36%. Many are former riders now stepping up to their dream machines and state that motorcycle riding helps reduce stress in their lives. D. Motorcycle Company Websites. H. D. management believes that the Internet is a powerful marketing tool. Its website is affectionately called the â€Å"anti-websites† since it encourages visitors to get offline and onto their Harleys. The website includes detailed information on the company and its products. It has nearly 1. 5 million visitors in 1997 alone. V. Areas of Consideration A. Competition All of Harley’s major competitors have products other than motorcycles on their websites including cars (Honda, Suzuki, and BMW), outboard motors (Honda, Yamaha, and Suzuki), and jet skis, snow mobile, boats, generators and power equipments. However, Harley’s website is devoted exclusively to motorcycle-related information about its products, experience and the company itself, including financial data. This may be a competitive advantage for Harley because it illustrates that the company is focused only in the motorcycle industry. B. Market Share The following table shows the market share of Harley and its global competitors in different regions: |COMPANY |NORTH AMERICA |EUROPE |ASIA/PACIFIC | |BMW |2. 70% |13. 40% |4. 30% | |HARLEY |48. 50% |6. 4 |15. 6 | |HONDA |20. 5 |24. 1 |28 | |KAWASAKI |10. 2 |10. 7 |22. 1 | |SUZUKI |10. 3 |17. 2 |7. 9 | |YAMAHA |4. 8 |16. 3 |16. 6 | |OTHERS |3 |11. 9 |5. 5 | VI. Alternative Courses of Action/Recommendation A. Harley Davidson should invest in Market Penetration in the regions where it is very sluggish. The company should supply enough units in the countries of Europe, Asia and the Pacific with competitive and affordable prices. B. The official website must be improved with good brand image through the use of better marketing colors and especially with cultural influences for Europe and Asia and not just for American consumers. VII. SWOT Analysis Recommendation: Market Penetration †¢ Strengths increase of market share in Europe and Asia availability of supplies in Europe and Asia more name recall increase of good brand image †¢ Weaknesses risky fast production of supplies for the regions is costly defects upon production are inevitable †¢ Opportunities H. D. may be the most popular brand of motorcycles in the world May and will conquer the highest/largest market share of Motorcycle Industry in the whole world †¢ Threats outcome may be negative sales may not meet expenses. production of supplies may be time-consuming VIII. Conclusion After carefully analyzing the case of Harley Davidson, the best solution I can give is to go on Market Penetration. Even if the company has already established its name and brand, most European and Asian countries still prefer those brands that are most available and affordable in their areas. One very relevant reason why H. D. has a small market share in these regions is its being expensive. While there are a lot of competitive brands mostly made from Asia, H. D. still has an edge and an advantage among these brands. Unlike the others, H. D. specializes on motorcycles alone and this may be a competitive advantage for Harley because it illustrates that the company is focused only in the motorcycle industry. The improvement of its website through the use of better colors and images might be a very good idea to increase sales and brand consciousness on consumers. But the best improvement for the website that I could suggest is to add cultural touches from Asian and European cultures. With that, consumers from all countries may be able to relate with the brand.

Essay --

Arthrogryposis is a disorder in which a child is born with joint contractures; this means some of their joints may be stuck in one position (curved or crooked). Children born with this disorder may have thin, weak, stiff, or missing muscles around these joints. The most common cause of arthrogryposis is fetal akinesia which is where the baby doesn’t move around a lot in the womb during development. Extra tissue can form in the joints making movement more difficult for the child to move. The reasons that fetal akinesia can take place may be because the womb was abnormally shaped so there wasn’t enough room for the baby to move around, amniotic fluid may have leaked out of the womb, or the baby’s parts did not form normally such as joints, bones, and muscles. They have also found that in approximately one third of the children who have this disorder have been determined to be a genetic cause. Approximately one in three thousand children are born with this disorder and it does not progress over time. There does not appear to be any precedence as to sex or race and it is developed at conception. There are several types of Arthrogryposis which include Amyoplasia, Distal, Classic, and Syndromic. According to the Shriners hospitals for children, Amyoplasia is an overall lack of muscular development and growth with contracture, a loss of joint motion, and deformity of most joints. Babies with this type have dense fibrous tissue and fat instead of skeletal muscle. Distal affects several joints usually in the hands and feet, and range of motion may be slightly limited. Classic usually affects the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips, feet and knees with different degrees of severity. The most severe case can affect almost joint ... ...osture and weight bearing strength. In conclusion, children with arthrogryposis benefit from therapy; early intervention is important so they will not have further delays in performing tasks. Adaptive equipment can be provided to these patients so they can complete their ADLs and succeed in self-care skills. Having a supportive family is very important to these children. Children with this condition need a lot of encouragement and motivation from the people they love the most. If a family is not involved in their childs life it may cause other problems as well such as lacking emotional regulation skills or further delays in other skills from lack of opportunity. For these children to make progress, therapy should not only be worked on with the occupational therapist, but it should be carried over into the home too. Encouragement from loved ones is really the trick.

Intellectual Property: Response to Question Essay

One’s claim over something that may be considered as intellectual property, such as software, is not automatically established upon the completion of the software. In this sense, there are steps that are required to be taken in order to gain proper claim over the software produced. There are two methods in attaining a copyright or a patent for a given software which may protect the intellectual property created; although there are differences in the scope, the length and ease of filing the application are present between the two (U.  S. Congress – Office of Technological Assessment [USC-OTA], 1990). Given that ownership to a certain software and having exclusive rights to its distribution and use requires patent or copyright application, then in the situation given wherein my uncle asked me to write a certain software and have not charged him for the services, the question is whether I have applied for either patent or copyright before giving a copy to my uncle. In this sense, if I have at least applied for a copyright, then my uncle’s actions of freely giving out copies of the software to his peers should be paid for, at the same time requiring my uncle to ask for my permission beforehand. However, if I simply made the software and give it to my uncle, then I should not be concerned if he gives copies of the software for his peers to use since I have no proper claim over the software and in a sense I have just given my uncle complete flexibility as to what may be done to the software. Possibly, one may not immediately consider a software to be his or her own intellectual property if the law or regulations are concerned. Of course, when disputes over intellectual property is considered, laws pertaining to it are most often used to resolve the issue. Therefore, considering that applying for copyright is relatively easily accomplished (USC-OTA, 1990), then if one believes that the software completed is worthwhile and useful then it would be best to apply for a copyright in order to lay claim over the intellectual property.

Children of Divorce

Statistics show that each year, over 1 million American children suffer the decision made by their parents to end their relationship (Amato, 2001). Divorce may be a solution to a discordant marriage, however, for many children and their parents, tensions continue and the entire divorce process is a long, searing experience (Amato, 2001). Divorce ends the established order of family, friends, finances, work and in some cases health and well being (Amato, 2001). Divorce is the termination of the family unit, and thus, it is often characterized by painful losses. Psychologists rate divorce as one of the most stressful events in life, just below the death of a spouse (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). Divorce has been compared to getting in a life boat. The lifeboat may be the chance to escape from the terrible situation, but abandoning the ship holds little appeal because of the enormous uncertainties (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). To a child who is unable to envision possible good outcomes this can be very overwhelming. Decisions to end a relationship can be traumatic, chaotic, and filled with contradictory emotions (Amato, 2001). Research shows that children from divorce families are on â€Å"average† somewhat worse off than children who have lived in intact families (Amato, 2001). Children in divorce homes may have more difficulty in school, more behavior problems, more negative self-concepts, more problems with peers and more trouble getting along with their parents (Amato, 2001). With this research there needs to be an examination of what factors in divorcing families contribute to the children having difficulties and what the factors are that contribute to children’s adaptation. Children’s reactions to the decision of their parents dissolution of marriage depends on three factors (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). These factors consist of the quality of their relationship with each of their parents before the separation, the intensity and duration of the parental conflict, and the parents’ ability to focus on the needs of the children (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). Divorce itself is usually not the first major change in the affected child’s life. Parental conflict before the separation often leads to internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, even in preschoolers (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). Children may â€Å"blame themselves for the deterioration in their parent’s relationship† (Downs, Moore, & McFadden, 2009). After the divorce children may feel that their parents have less time for them (Downs, Moore, & McFadden, 2009). Other contributing factors include increased stress, economic loss, and loss of former supports and resources (Downs, et al. , 2009). When risks are reduced or overcome children will fare better. It is important for parents to be able to support their children through divorce. Sanders and Wolchik (2011) have identified the following actions parents can do to enhance a child’s adjustment to divorce: * Prior to the separation, it may be helpful for both parents to discuss the impending divorce at a level appropriate for the child * Be available to answer questions; Read age appropriate books on divorce with your child * Reassure the child divorce is not his or her fault and let the child know that you will both continue to love him. Put child's needs first * Do not argue with other parent in front of child. * Do not expect your child to meet your emotional needs * Be consistent in your parenting; Make visitations regular and predictable Parents who are struggling themselves through the divorce may fail to be aware of these enhancements. The Wisconsin court system, when filing for divorce requires parents to attend a co-parenting class. Wisconsin has seen success in utilizing this requirement for divorcing parents with children, it often assists in the mediation process and serves as a wake-up call to parents who are not fully aware of the effects that divorce has on their children. These co-parenting classes are ways in which parents can develop effect ways to assist their children from having adverse affects from the divorce proceeds and receive supportive information of where they can receive additional help. Parents who lack the ability to support their children through this difficult situation because of their lack of parental competence or poor adjustment to the situation may have to depend on outside interventions for assisting in this process. Given that divorce has negative effects for children, the utilization of effective prevention programs has great significance in changing the outcomes of these children (Sander & Wolchik, 2011). Children of Divorce Intervention Program (CODIP) is an award winning curriculum that has helped thousands of children in the US. Since 1982 CODIP has helped children understand and accept their feelings and perceptions regarding their parents’ separation (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). The goals of the program is to minimize the emotional and behavioral problems that divorce children face, increase children’s ability to identify and express their feelings, reduce children’s anxiety, and build confidence (Pedro-Carroll, & Cowen, 1985). Individuals involved in this program have positive, supportive group environments with peers in school settings, a reduced desire to blame themselves, increase their coping skills and ability to solve problems, and have enhanced positive perceptions of themselves (Lowenstein, 2006). School personnel, community members, or parents can refer children to the program. Group leaders trained in this method will conduct group sessions that target different age ranges giving the correct information and skill-building activities (Lowenstein, 2006). Children may also be referred to therapy to help them adjust to divorce. Activities that are creative and play-based can engage children and help them safely express their thoughts and feelings. Therapy can take on the form of child-focused, residential parent-focused, nonresidential parent-focused and combined residential parent and child-focused therapy (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). Child-focused programs target skills to cope with stressful divorce-related events, emotional expression skills, and interpersonal resources (e. g. parent-child relationship quality) (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). Parent-focused programs target factors like parent-child relationship quality, discipline, anger management, and the quality and quantity of contact with nonresidential parents (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). There is no evidence that doing a combination of child-focused programs and parent-focused programs leads to more success than doing one (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). In order for therapy services to ef fectively treat children of divorce, a number of key issues need to be addressed. Therapy needs to address developing effective coping skills, facilitating the appropriate expression of feelings, clarifying divorce-related misconceptions, expressing anger through appropriate outlets, disengaging from parental conflict, eliminating self blame, and enhancing positive perceptions of self (Lowenstein, 2006). Studies indicate that active coping that includes problem solving and positive thinking enhances resilience among children (Lowenstein, 2006). Interventions that help children identify their unique strengths further acilitate children’s healthy adjustment (Lowenstein, 2006). Helping children express feelings of anger about the divorce through appropriate outlets is another important treatment goal. When parental conflict has been high prior to divorce and continues after divorce an effective intervention needs to involve an integrated family therapy approach (Amato, 2001). This therapy approach will assist children from disengaging from parental conflict. M any therapeutic agencies in Milwaukee are embracing therapy that is more engaging, innovative, and immersed in play to assist children of divorce. The decision to divorce is a decision being made for the children, they have no voice. Parents make the decision and children react. The court system has taken a step in the right direction by requiring parents to take a co-parenting class. Parents struggling through their own issues and fear with this change in their life often times are incapable of supporting their children the way they need. It is important that through the pain or anger parents have over their marriage ending that they see things through their child’s eyes.References Amato, P. (2001) Children of divorce in the 1990s:An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355-70. Downs, S., Moore, E., & McFadden, E. (2009). Child Welfare and Family Services; Policies and Practice, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Lebow, J. & Rekart, K. (2006) Integrated family therapy for high-conflict divorce with disputes over child custody and visitation. Family Process, 46, 79- 91 Lowenstein, L. (2006). Creative Interventions for Children of Divorce. Toronto: Champion Press. Pedro-Carroll, J.L. & Cowen, E.L. (1985). The Children of Divorce Intervention Program: An investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(5), 603-611. Sander, I. & Wolchik, S. (2011) Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. Sarrazin, J. & Cyr, F. (2007) Parental conflicts and their damaging effects on children. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 47, 77-93.

The world summit Essays

The world summit Essays The world summit Essay The world summit Essay The world summit is an event that takes place once every year and is an event where all the world leaders get together and discuss what is wrong with our planet. They then discuss how to make it better. The broadsheet article is slightly biased against America, as it says, police manhandled protestors. This is using the word manhandled meaning that they disapprove and may favour the opinion of the protestors. The tabloid article is not biased towards or against any of the sides at the world summit. I do think that the broadsheet is not unfair to be biased against America because, as it states in their article, America is the worlds number one polluter, yet they are not doing much about it. This is a proved, certifies fact and although the article contains many facts, it also has quite a few opinions as well. When they start with the sentence, the earth summit ended amid chaos and acrimony, they make it sound as if it is much worse than it actually is. Also, when it mentions how the police manhandled protestors, it could have just said something like , removed, or ushered out, but they chose to write manhandled which is much more aggressive, therefore being what they think really happened as opposed to what did happen. Also, it says in the second paragraph, Kofi Annan, the united national secretary general was left insisting that the $50 million (i 33 million) summit wad not a failure. They could have left the facts about the summits cost out of it but they kept it in to emphasize how much of a ridiculous amount of money was spent on it and how it was a failure. In fact, it seems it was a failure. Although they spent so much money on it, they only reached two firm targets; to reduce the number of people without access to sanitation by half by 2015 and setting up marine reserves by 2012. Others such as banning toxic chemicals and protecting fish stocks, have been heavily qualified. Other promises in the final agreement are repeats of previous declarations or represent a weakening of earlier deals. The headline or title of the article is, US critics jeer Powell as summit ends on discord. This sums up the way the protestors acted and how they did a mass walkout about the way they disapproved of what Powell was saying. Also they mention that summit ends in discord, which means that they sort of agree that it was a waste of time and that not enough was done at this years world summit because although there was something done, it was not enough, therefore agreeing with the protestors that it was a complete and utter waste of time and money. The sub-heading reads, Powells speech makes clear that Bush has written off the planet and has abdicated world leadership. The speech obviously does not actually say this in these words, it is just summing up what it is basically saying, it is merely unfortunate that this message is coming across, although this may be the broadsheet newspaper twisting what Powells speech says to make it to be what they want to hear, This is by far changing the truth but then keeping all the basic facts in place.

National Information Infrastructure Essay Example

National Information Infrastructure Essay Example National Information Infrastructure Paper National Information Infrastructure Paper This paper focuses on the rapidly growing area of e-commerce, more so with the emergence of the National Information Infrastructure. Many companies are positioning themselves to gain from the efficiencies and effectiveness derived within its operations of an e-commerce environment. The paper explains transactions cost theory, its effects on the economizing on coordination cost and rapid cost performance improvement that could be conducted via the e-commerce environment. It explains how the e-commerce environment could substantially reduce profit margins, as consumers will be spoilt with choices expecting cheaper goods whilst firms will be competing for consumers thus reducing its products prices to stay competitive. Hence, the article suggests that firms would resort to marketing restriction methodology to retain its existing customers. Furthermore, the overall expansion of the e-commerce environment would have an impact on the existing supply chain management, hence emphasising the need to rethink and redefine the value/supply chain management resulting in the value/supply chain reconfiguration. As the evolving infrastructure would link the various groups, namely producers of information, producers of physical goods, electronic retailers, electronic markets, physical distribution networks and electronic channels, the article suggests that an essential market choice box would emerge as a critical technological device to link these groups. Over recent years information technology has experienced an unprecedented degree of changes, enabling the transformation of the basic mechanisms of business. This transformation is accelerating, supported by new computer based applications to facilitate business process, new systems to capture information on customers and new methods of communication, within and between organizations and their customers/suppliers. This phenomenon has resulted in the emergence of the electronic commerce age. It has led firms to rush into establishing a presence in this new virtual marketplace (Business Week, 1994). As stated by Hoffmann and Novak (1997) the Internet represents a new paradigm shift to businesses. Benjamin and Wigan (1995) state that it is becoming increasingly difficult to delineate accurately the borders of todays organization. The reported benefits to the firms deploying e-commerce include increased efficiency of order processing, reduced cost due to just-in-time inventory management, locking in of trading partners and greater ability to customize products and services based upon information arising from the transactions (Cash Konsynski, 1985; Johnson Vitale, 1988). In the euphoria of benefits, i.e. efficiencies, effectiveness and cost reductions, firms should not forget the cost of infrastructure, maintenance and resources needed for an e-commerce environment. Please refer to Appendix A Apparel Company Takes A Gamble The emergence of e-commerce has raised the prospect of radical changes to the traditional business process. This was further illustrated in 1994, when the first Internet bank, First Virtual was launched (thocp.net/timeline/1994.htm. 12/1/04). However, as in any traditional business strategy, it imperative for the organization to understand the different factors that affect consumers participation. According to Chaffey (Chapter 9, p 335 2000) the following factors should be considered in e-commerce environment: Access Major factor, as access in the e-commerce environment equates to consumer participation. However, on the worldwide basis, a relative small proportion of the population has access to the Internet, i.e. less than 10% of the population. The emergence of e-commerce will significantly impact the traditional marketing concepts and the customer relationship management, Hoffman and Novak (1996). Drafting of the e-marketing strategies should have similar elements to a traditional marketing strategy, such as those defined by McDonald (1999) and Kotler (1997) however difference in the e-environment need to be considered. In the past, the planning process has been conceived as an annual event, but as McDonald (1999) points out, this is no longer relevant in a dynamic business environment. The era of e-marketing accentuates this trend. Strategies will have to be reviewed frequently. Ultimately, however, the fundamental marketing mix (4Ps) will determine who wins in markets of the future for either electronic or brick mortar operations. For the consumers, the biggest lure to Internet shopping is convenience. Want to browse through a bookstore 24/7 without having to go outside? Companies such as Amazon.com Inc and Barnes Noble Inc ring up millions of dollars in sales each day by operating vast web sites that effectively let customers do just that. Consumers also are using the web to hunt for bargains, trade stocks at rock-bottom commission rates and gather information about purchases they will make later in the real world. For the businesses, online commerce is enticing mainly because of its intense efficiency. Once a web is built, it can take orders around the clock and field countless customers-service queries, without losing tempers or requiring coffee breaks. Product catalogs can be updated constantly, without the extra trips to the printer and up-to-the-minute data about what are selling (what isnt), discounts and offers becomes accessible with a few mouse clicks (http://interactive.wsj.com 17/12/03). The CEO of Kodak was alleged to have said, that he couldnt tell if Kodaks website makes money, however he was sure that the website is the most personal way of selling since the door to door salesmen, only now the customers were knocking on Kodaks door. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this environment, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate e-commerce. However, online commerce may create new problems. With customers able to gather huge amounts of data via the Internet and then go comparison-shopping, profits margins may get squeezed. This then becomes a survival situation for some companies. In addition, many of the cost savings measures are at the expense of human resources, thus creating a national employment headache for the Government. The e-commerce environment has made marketing easier however challenging as consumers demands and needs increases. Hence, it is important that firms gain important insights into customers nature and needs. This desire to establish long-term customer relationship with increasingly sophisticated demands and needs has led many firms to seek new ways of acquiring, managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995). However, with the sheer growth of the Internet, finding relevant information is becoming difficult, hence consumers might shift to traditional ways of buying. Firms have to ensure that the shift and select of information is done on their behalf. Here many firms rely on intermediary, however the concern of issues such as privacy, trust and security (Schell, 1996) are highlighted.

30 Nautical Expressions

30 Nautical Expressions 30 Nautical Expressions 30 Nautical Expressions By Mark Nichol Last week, I listed fifty nautical terms originating from seafaring jargon but extended by analogy, with new meanings, to general usage. This roster includes idioms and expressions derived from nautical phrases, many of them originally codified as commands. 1. Abandon ship: an order given when a vessel is disabled or about to sink (give up on an idea or project) 2. All hands on deck: an order for all crew members to assemble in an emergency (a call for everyone available to be available to assist with an activity or event) 3. Anchor’s aweigh: a comment made when a vessel’s anchor is clear of the ocean floor and the vessel can leave its anchorage; sometimes pluralized to â€Å"anchors aweigh† and occasionally misspelled â€Å"anchors away† (a reference to being ready to go) 4. Batten down (the hatches): an order to secure hatches and doors and, when simply rendered â€Å"batten down,† all gear (prepare for criticism or opposition) 5. Bear a hand: an order to assist in the performance of an action (help) 6. Bear down (on): overtake (apply additional effort) 7. Bitter end: the last segment of a rope or chain (the final portion of a difficult or unpleasant task or occurrence) 8. Cast off: let go (remove or throw away) 9. Come around: turn into the wind (align oneself with another way of thinking) 10. Dead ahead: in front of the vessel directly along its center line (straight ahead) 11. Even keeled: well balanced said of a vessel (steady, even tempered) 12. Fend off: push off when landing in a boat so as to avoid damage or upset (defend oneself from others or keep them away) 13. Gangway: an area on a vessel for embarking and disembarking (a warning to move out of the way) 14. Gone overboard: fallen over the side (said of one who has veered too far from the norm in one’s actions or opinions) 15. Keep a sharp lookout: an order to be especially vigilant in watching for hazards (be alert) 16. On deck: present for duty (in baseball, taking one’s place in a special area when one is next up at bat; in general, next in line or about to be presented) 17. Pay out: steadily slacken a line (distribute payment) 18. Pass down the line: relay an order (convey news or information in a series or to others) 19. Pass the word: repeat an order (convey news or information to others) 20. Run aground: striking the ocean floor with the hull of a vessel (halted because of a lack of resources, or reached an impasse) 21. Set a course: steer the vessel toward the intended destination (specify policy or a course of action) 22. Shake a leg: make haste (move quickly) 23. Shoot across the bow: fire a weapon in front of a vessel to signal that it should halt, at the risk of attack if the warning shot is ignored (express a comment or perform an action that signals intent in order to determine the likely response to a subsequent comment or action) 24. Sound out: determine the depth of a body of water (obtain someone’s opinion or reaction) 25. Stand by: an order to await further commands (wait) 26. Stem the tide: steer directly into a current or waves (prevent a mounting force or threat) 27. Stem to stern: the forward end of the bow to the rear part of the vessel; the entire vessel (front to back, beginning to end, or all-inclusive) 28. Storm warning: an announcement of a coming storm (a harbinger of danger or threat) 29. Three sheets to the wind: sailing with sails unsecured (drunk) 30. Wide berth: a significant distance between one vessel and another (plenty of space) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:List of Greek Words in the English LanguageDozen: Singular or Plural?

Application Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Application Personal Statement - Essay Example In line with this, I facilitated the selling of various computer and video games as well as other utility and office software among others. To effectively fulfill this position, one should need to have the passion for the game industry and computer technology in general. From my working experience, I am able to gain substantial knowledge with regard to these subject matters. For instance, I observed that majority of the game software sold in the market are made in Japan. With this, I realized the immensity of the game industry in Japan as relatively more computer and video games are launched from the country than in any other nations in the world. In addition, I observed the degree of specialization of the Japanese game industry as more people are employed to work in developing a particular game as compared to their Western counterpart. After further research, I learned that the United States and Japan are the largest markets for computer and video games in the world as indicated by the popularity of Microsoft's Xbox (US-made) and Sony's Playstation (Japan-made). In this industry, there is intense competition between these products, however, Playstation is still the market leader in terms of sales to date due to the wider selection of teen adult games offered and the creative game design. Given my fascination with the industry, I also learned that in the United States alone, the entire industry is able t... Apart from the game industry, my previous employment has made me well aware of the importance as well as how the quality of life has improved with the advent of computer technology. In this regard, I aspire to make substantial contributions in this field by bringing about the development in information technology as may be required in the future. With my involvement in the game shop, I also learned that the entire industry is plagued with illegal activities such as hacking and piracy. I reckon that these significant issues may be address by the further development of computer technology by computer engineers and scientists of our generation. Moreover, my experience has inspired me to develop new game machines and software that will have positive net effect to the public. My exposure to different types of customers in the game shop helps me understand that one of the primary concerns for computer innovation and technological inventions is their overall impact to the users. This is a vital part of the ethics of computer technology. In order to succeed, one should be aware of this responsibility towards the public and provide them with high quality and beneficial products. With my inclination in the game industry and computer technology as a whole, I believe that it is in my best interest to major in a computer-related course in this University. This academic institution offers comprehensive curricula and rigorous training that bring out the best in its students. Furthermore, it employs highly competitive professors, who are experts in their respective fields, from whom students can learn efficiently. (Word count: 600

Program Planning, Research, and Evaluation Research Paper

Program Planning, , and Evaluation - Research Paper Example The disease shows various signs and symptoms that constitute hot flushes, breathlessness, restless legs, headaches, nausea, vertigo, abdominal pains, dry mouth, hyperventilation and palpitations. In a case, for example, students experience various anxieties resulting from their academic interactions (Cassady, 2010). In real sense, students’ assessment in particular areas of educational field results to the beginning of educational anxiety that hampers their potential to achieve success in a particular field. 3 Anxiety illness is partially passed on from parents. Several researches prove that high emotional, strung and nervous is experienced throughout a family. A perfect example is that sixty percent of children whose parents experience anxiety develop an inhibited temperament and fear (Coon, Mitterer, Talbot & Vanchella, 2010). These children have a character that is wary and irritable when young and when they become toddlers they are fearful and shy. When they enroll in the elementary they are often cautious and quiet and when they are adults they are at high possibility of anxiety difficulties for example panic attacks (p. 486). 3 This community needs the health promotion program because there is a possibility of anxiety illnesses in girls during adolescence. According to Weiner (2003), studies confirm that African American girls suffer from a higher number of anxieties (p. 40). An anxiety disorder is caused by integrating environmental and biological factors. Most families in Everett are poor which would then imply that their children can develop anxiety disorder resulting from state of poverty. 4 This health promotion program will be developed in conjunction with Everett Community Health Partnership (ECHP). The mission of ECHP is to enhance health and the standard of life of the community of Everett by generating chances for

Choices and Decisions Enhancing Quality of Life Essay

Choices and Decisions Enhancing Quality of Life - Essay Example There has to be a proper arrangement of items in the environment so that it becomes presentable and lacking healthy hazards that can Habor diseases and other unwanted elements. Personal responsibility refers to the concept of people to having the ability to make choices, instigate or even cause their actions in different ways (Roth, 2005). When we make decisions that results in to certain actions and behavior, it is prudent that we can be legally liable or accountable for the outcomes. In this case, personal responsibility becomes different from the notion that human behavior and actions are brought about by factors beyond the control of the person himself (Pryor, 2010). It is important to note that all people have the ability to create an effective and reliable atmosphere where they can live harmoniously with other people. For this reason, it is important for people to understand that social power is something that I within everyone’s ability and control. In this understandin g, people are supposed to assume different levels of personal responsibility in order to have social power in the same way they places personal responsibility for political behavior (Greenfield, 2011). Many instances have been witnessed of people blaming the state of governance and social welfare in the community, while blaming it on the leaders in government, they always forget that it is their actions and choices in the voting process that placed them in power. This example illustrates the fact that people have to be responsible for their actions whether it is on the political, social or economic front. Personal responsibility is all about value creation, such that just as all values are personal so should be the decision to be responsible.

Civil Right Act Of 1968 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Right Act Of 1968 - Essay Example Before the civil rights era, the situations regarding the racial discrimination were very worse. White race was considered supreme and white Americans have the power to consider the black (Afro-Americans) as the underprivileged race. There was no equal education of the Black Americans, no equal employment, no equal housing. Black people were unable to buy a home even if they have the money to buy it. For this reason, black Americans demanded equal rights as that of the White Americans. Fair housing act was one of the demands that were debated and signed in 1968.Senator Edward Brooke of Massachusetts was the first African-American ever elected to Senate. He was unable to buy a home due to his race. After that issue, the fair housing act was debated in the Senate strongly. Senate Leader, â€Å"Everett Dirksen†, strongly supported the bill in the senate. It was thought at the earlier stage that the House of Representative would not gain a higher ratio of votes. However, the House of Representatives passed the bill due to urban unrest and militancy of African Americans movements.On 4th April 1968, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated and African Americans movements played part in riots, burning and looting in most cities. President Lyndon B. Johnson emphasized to pass the new civil rights bill to cool down the African Americans movements. On April 10, the fair housing act was passed and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson to become a law the very next day.

Access to Insurance versus Access to Care Research Paper

Access to Insurance versus Access to Care - Research Paper Example Insurance and access to healthcare serve a basis of intensive debate that is tailored towards addressing pertinent issues in healthcare. Access to insurance and access to care are two different concepts. Health insurance is risk mitigation measure where an individual transfers health risks to another party, and makes premium payments to that party in return. In other words, insurance premiums guarantee healthcare coverage by the insurer. The ability to pay for insurance covers measures access to insurance. When premiums are high, then the number of people that can afford the insurance cover is low, and vice versa. The affordability of insurance measures the relative accessibility. On the other hand, access to care refers to the ease of receiving care by a patient when in need. Access to health encompasses primary care, healthcare specialists, and emergency treatment (Berenson & Rich, 2010). Access to care measures the ease or difficulties associated with getting services across the three variables. In this regard, holding an insurance cover does not necessarily guarantee access to care. For instance, Medicare program caters for the elderly and disables populations in the United States (Getzen, 2010). However, the program is divided into various parts, each of which outlines the extent of healthcare variables provided for by that part. Each part provides healthcare insurance, but limits care services accessed under that part. The federal health care reform legislation of 2010 seeks to promote universal coverage and regulate health insurance policies offered by insurance companies (The Joint Commission, 2012). The legislation also seeks to enhance the extent of health complications covered, as well as push for affordable insurance premiums. Low income earners remain uncovered by insurance, a scenario that has negatively affected the health sector in the United States. The ultimate interest of the legislation is to promote insurance

Civil Right Act Of 1968 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Right Act Of 1968 - Essay Example Before the civil rights era, the situations regarding the racial discrimination were very worse. White race was considered supreme and white Americans have the power to consider the black (Afro-Americans) as the underprivileged race. There was no equal education of the Black Americans, no equal employment, no equal housing. Black people were unable to buy a home even if they have the money to buy it. For this reason, black Americans demanded equal rights as that of the White Americans. Fair housing act was one of the demands that were debated and signed in 1968.Senator Edward Brooke of Massachusetts was the first African-American ever elected to Senate. He was unable to buy a home due to his race. After that issue, the fair housing act was debated in the Senate strongly. Senate Leader, â€Å"Everett Dirksen†, strongly supported the bill in the senate. It was thought at the earlier stage that the House of Representative would not gain a higher ratio of votes. However, the House of Representatives passed the bill due to urban unrest and militancy of African Americans movements.On 4th April 1968, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated and African Americans movements played part in riots, burning and looting in most cities. President Lyndon B. Johnson emphasized to pass the new civil rights bill to cool down the African Americans movements. On April 10, the fair housing act was passed and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson to become a law the very next day.

Security Management Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Security Management - Annotated Bibliography Example These different ways are meant to ensure the security of these facilities and minimize or entirely prevent disasters that may be brought about by them not being rigid. Some of these ways include: type of construction, access to the site, the height of the building and even location among other ways. According to Hayes, (2003) the traditional methods of loss prevention seem not to be working and especially in multi-million dollar companies hence putting the security of their assets in jeopardy. The senior management in these companies has decided on using technology as a contemporary measure to prevent further loss and protect the assets of the customers. This technology as a contemporary measure requires linkage with other managers in the business for it to be successful. According to the article, managers have always viewed security in terms of guards (physical security) as a form of security management. However, with cases of the guards and other physical security measures starting to be outdated and outmaneuvered by the information security system, the management has started adopting this by increasing the budget they allocate to the security dockets in their companies and this has gone way ahead to yield positive results as loss is prevented more without any injuries being inflicted on security

Design a computer system for a video hire shop Essay Example for Free

Design a computer system for a video hire shop Essay I have noticed that keeping customer records on paper can be time consuming and neither practical or easy to use. The aim of this project is to create a database for a company or an organization; I have chosen Vinnies videos. My database will include customer information to make organization and customer relations simpler; the new system will be more practical. An electronic database will make life easier as it will be superior to a card filling system and will save time and money. A computer system is better than the old card filing method for many reasons. Example, searches can be carried out instantly rather than many manual records being waded through, customer information for a hundred people can be copied almost instantly to a standard letter. Vinny will be able to keep customer information lists, detailing contact information, stats on the customers videos, lists of regular jobs that need to be performed i. e. check who has videos out; in order that notices can be sent using mail merge. This will help Vinny keep up to data and on top of customer relations and business. A search function for my database will make it simple for letters detailing special offers which are customer specific to be sent out easily. After considering the pros and cons of the two systems I have decided that it is definitely more practical to use a computer system over a card filling system. Strengths and Weaknesses of current system: Vinny currently has a very primitive filling system, It has a lot weaknesses. It takes a long time to find records, as they are stored in a filling cabinet. When editing a record you must remove the entire card and rewrite it, it is time consuming to add new records. To re-sort the records would take a very long time as it would obviously have to be done manually. To search for information is also time consuming, especially if you are looking for a number of customers with similar records for some purpose. However the database is comprehensive and does contain all the records needed. What I need to do is design and makes a new database with all the information from the old one transferred into it. There are also a number of programs that I could consider using, they are Microsoft word, Microsoft excel or Microsoft access. I will need to use a database creation package like MS Access, Fox Pro, DBASE II or IV or Borland Database Explorer to create my database tables, queries, forms, reports and macros easily and also program them with the Visual Basic programming script to make my database into a professional running program. According to the user requirements MS Access is the best one also because it is mostly familiar to people. I will need a word processing package like MS Word, Notepad, WordPad and Word Perfect. MS Word is the best one to use because you can use word art and insert pictures or print screens into the document and also is mostly used by people. Hardware needed: I need a computer that can run Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word just in case I need to use the mail merge. For this I will use a QWERTY keyboard for the manual input of data and the commands for the computer. I will need a mouse or trackball to design the database forms, to navigate the GUI of the OS and to move copy and paste data. I will need to use a 31/2 inch floppy disk and drive or a CDRW disk and drive in order to save my database and to make backups of my database. I will only use a CDRW if the database exceeds 1. 38-1. 44 MB. CDRWs can hold from 500-700 MB of information. I will need a printer to print out the design of my database of for word documentation of the database. The system should have at least 300 MHZ hard drive speed, and 5 GB memory, it should have at least a 128 MB RAM. Problem1: a system management to put the videos in order Form of output: a database Information to be output: video title, video director, main actor, year released, length and genre, how many copies are available and how many are on loan. Data needed to produce the output: video title, video director, main actor, year released, length and genre, which will be provided by Vinny. Desired outcomes and performance criteria: It has to be sorted so you can see a certain type of genre or year. Testing: To see if all the correct records are in the right query. Problem 2: needs a system to store all the members names and addresses Form of output: a database Information to be output: name, address, user number, telephone. Data needed to produce the output: name, address, user number, telephone. This is provided by Vinny. Desired outcomes and performance criteria: members details available so we can contact them if needed. Testing: not needed Problem 3: I dont have a system to see who has what video checked out and who has videos that are over due. Form of output: database Information to be output: name, user number, video rented, date taken out, date due back Data needed to produce the output: name, user number, video rented, date taken out, date due back. This will be provided by Vinny, anyone that rents a new video will be entered into the database. Desired outcomes and performance criteria: a list to see which videos are on loan. When somebody rents a video out all I want to have to do is click on the film name and type their name in. The rental time allowance will be 3 days and automatically entered Testing: see if the people who have taken a video out have a book due on the database Analysis of Strategies for Backup and Security. The system will be backed up on CD-RWs daily and on hard disk drives and a server. The database will have an encrypted modification password and it will be write-protected so it cannot be deleted. If a staff member needs to access the database to modify it, then a staff password is needed. It will not open until the password is correct Information Flow Error Checking To ensure that the information is correct the staff will send the members an invoice with their details they have inputted and attached is another form to fill in the correct information and then collect it and update the database. For the videos the staff will do daily checks on the database to see any obscure looking information in the database and will edit this info by getting the video and re-entering the video data again. Or the staff will do two copies of information identical to each other because the information will be inputted twice and if they are not identical then one or the other or both are changed with the correct information. Skills The user is a competent pc user and will not need any sort of training, he would like it to be user friendly though, so if any new staff join, it will be easy to pick up.

Green Living: What Is It?

Green Living: What Is It? The earth, as we know it is deteriorating in ways more than one. In order to set it right and restore the balance of events, we need to take an initiate and change our lifestyles to support the planets health. There are many ways by which you can also start to live greenly. The actual meaning of green living is to live in a way that is favorable to the planet and does not harm, or use up any of its resources excessively. It shows that you care for your planet, and are willing to make an initiative to set things right. If one person starts to live in greenly, others will see the effort he is making and eventually start to follow his example. Because the condition of the planet is worsening day by day, it is important that we take an initiative right now rather than repent it later. The world is deteriorating at a rapid rate, and it is all because of us. Many people dont give enough care to what they do, and these results in a rapid use up of the planets resources. For instance, we often do not give enough care to the electricity consumption of our house. There are many ways by which you can start green living too. However, in order to actually make an impact, we people need to realize the damages that we are doing and we all need to make a collective effort towards the betterment of this planet. One person can make a difference, but one person can set an example for others to follow. Some of the tips that we can follow in order to live greenly are mentioned below. The first thing that you need to do is to limit your energy consumption. There are many ways by which you can do that. Try to avoid excessive usage of your desktop computer, because a desktop computer uses up lots of energy that could otherwise be saved. For instance, you could just start to use a laptop, and if you dont have one, it is certainly wise that you buy one for yourself so that you can limit your energy consumption. Now, as mentioned, one person cant do anything or make an impact on the planet at all. However, imagine if every person in an area started to effectively use their energy and started to limit their consumption, then what would happen? Ill tell you, the planet would slowly start to heal itself because a load would be lessened and slowly the resources that are used in generating electricity would be lessened and this could be highly beneficial because at present we use large amounts of coal and other thermal resources to facilitate our stay on this planet. However, the rapid consumption of these resources, which are non renewable would want day result in the death of one of these crucial resources. For instance, if coal becomes extinct, then a lot of activity on this planet would cease to exist and we would just be searching for alternatives that might not be found so easily. However, if we start to use non renewable energy in our homes and start to take care of our planet, we could definitely make a small impact which might enlarge and the whole world might just join the go green movement. Article#2 Green Living- Time to go green: Summary Green living is the changing of your life style to set it according to the ways of the planet. By that, I mean that we need to make our stay more favorable in this planet so that we do not harm it in any way. There are many ways to initiate green living. In order to make your life a bit better and a bit greener, you need to take certain steps so that you do not harm the resources of this planet. The first step that you can include if you wish to start green living is efficient energy consumption. Many people dont realize that they waste large amounts of energy in various unnecessary things that could otherwise be saved. Electrical energy is made by the use of thermal resources and there are very few plants that make use of non renewable resources. Hence, the more energy you waste, the more thermal resources would be used up of the planet. If all these resources get used up, this could be very harmful for the planet in a variety of ways. At present, we are rapidly using the planets resources to facilitate and make our lives better. But, if we cut down on them, we could certainly make living on this planet a bit better and much greener. You can practice a variety of small things that could certainly save you a lot of energy which could otherwise reduce the load on the planet. If you have a car that runs on diesel or petrol, it would be wise to convert it to CNG, which uses compressed natural gas that is not harmful in any way to the planet. What happen when you use petrol or diesel is that carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are released in to the atmosphere, which harms the planets atmosphere as well as the ozone layer of the planet. We need to take care of the planet, because we have certainly used it in a very harmful way. Other things that we can do and change if we want to live greener life are that we can cut down on our energy consumption. Some of the largest amounts of energy are consumed when people leave the lights of their homes on and do not bother to turn them off. The lights just keep on using energy even though they are not being used in any way. Therefore, it is always wise and highly recommended that you shut off the lights before leaving any room so that you can save on energy. A go green movement has been initiated by the people, and it is gaining a lot of popularity as more and more people are changing their lives and living methods so that their stay on this planet becomes favorable for them as well as for the planet. You need to take care of the planet, because if we dont then there is no one else who will. We need to practice just a few things which would certainly not restrict our lives in any possible manner, but would certainly allow the planet to heal itself and become a better place for everyone to live in. Start green living, and support the planet, because it never gives up on you. Article#3 Time to Start Green Living! Summary: Our planet is slowly dying, and if we dont do anything about it soon enough, it would eventually begin to deteriorate and everything would be used. The world would become a barren place without any resources. We need to cater to the needs of our planet, and we need to change our life styles so that it becomes beneficial to the planet. We need to become much more eco friendly, so that no harm is dealt to the planet by our existence. At the moment, we are certainly not doing anything like that and in order for us to be able to know whats right and whats wrong for the planet, we really need to open our eyes and look around. Global warming is rapidly become an increasing phenomena, the glaciers are melting at a very fast rate. Do you think this is happening on its own accord? If you do, then you need to revise your thinking. The instigators of global warming are just us. We have driven the planet to the extent that it has begun to harm itself. Every day, we use up large amounts of the resources of the planet to facilitate our lives, but do we realize who is going to replenish those resources? No, we dont. All we are intent on is making life easy for ourselves. However, the time has now come for us to make a move and change our lives so that we do not pose a threat, or become a source of harm to the planet. We need to analyze and see that whatever we are doing is according the needs of the planet or not. If it isnt, then we need to change and start green living so that the planet begins to replenish its resources and becomes the beautiful place it once was. Floods, earth quakes and all natural disasters are instigated because of us if you actually look at it in a wider sense, and all we think is that the planet is hurting us. It is not in any way trying to harm us, but these are just signs of things to come if we dont take care of our beloved planet. Many people have now begun to realize the message that is being conveyed and have begun green living so that they could be free of the guild of destroying the planet. You can start green living as well, and by following some simple guidelines, you could certainly be on your way in helping the planet. It is futile to think that one person can do nothing, but you should try and set an example for others to follow. Try being a source of inspiration to others so that they also being to adopt green living as well. Simple steps such as turning off the lights or electricity when not in use could go a long way in helping the planet, and it highly recommended that we now start to utilize our energy efficiently because it is high time that we begin to listen to the pleas of the planet and try to make life better for ourselves before things get out of hand and it all becomes too late.

Could Schizophrenia Be The Answer To The Mysterious Vampire Legend :: essays research papers fc

Could Schizophrenia be the Answer to the Mysterious Vampire Legend? The vampire legend and many behaviors and experiences of schizophrenics seem to share many common traits. The traits that are most recognizable are "fears of being enclosed, periods of semistarvation or complete starvation, which can be associated with periodic gorging, reversal of the day-night cycle, and a preoccupation with or dread of mirrors" (Kayton 304). Though the term 'schizophrenia' or 'demence precoce' was only introduced in 1852 (Boyle 43), behaviors of people affected by this illness have been documented much earlier. The concept of a dead person returning in his living physical form and feeding on the living is considered a vampire. The vampire is believed to also be capable of transmitting his vampirism to those he infect or bite. Kayton recognizes that though this belief has been found in early writings of the Babylonians, Semites, and Egyptians, the most famous vampire scare swept Europe in 1730. This vampire epidemic lasted approximately five years (305). The legend consistency continues with adolescent and young adult schizophrenia. It is presented to us that young suicide victims were most likely believed to become vampires and attack members of their families (Kayton 304-05). Suicide was not an uncommon event among schizophrenic patients (Boyle 255). Suicide patients are a very important part of this equation because according to the legend in England suicides were buried with a stake pierced in or near the heart. This was to ensure that that the ghost of the person would not come back and haunt the living, to prevent the suicide victim from becoming a vampire (Kayton 305). In Dracula, Lucy was killed after she had already started to haunt the living. She was killed after with a stake driven through her heart as a "duty to others" and to the dead, so that she may truly be "passed away", as "God's true dead" (266, 277-279). Some documented cases of vampirism indicate that sometimes the psychodynamics' of vampires can erupt into materialized behavioral psychopathology (Kayton 304). For example, Vincenz Verzeni an Italian in 1872, a Frenchman named Leger in 1827, and a German Fritz Haarman demonstrate to the rare appearance of clinical vampirism (Kayton 306). Haarman himself killed approximately 24 adolescent males. This is interesting since many believe that vampires only attack those of the opposite sex. Even Bram Stoker's Dracula disproves this belief when the Count (Dracula) informs the three vampire women that Jonathan belongs to him (55).

Communication Between Patients And Professionals Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter examines bing surveies on pass oning hazard utilizing different formats, discusses the effectivity, truth and presentation of patient hazards information, peculiarly looking at surveies conducted on communicating with immature patients. 3.4. Hazard Communication – Existing surveies on usage of in writing tools for a/effective hazard communicating. Effective and affectional hazard communicating is of import for both patients and medical professionals and has an impact on decision-making, diagnosing, proving, farther medical intervention and successful recovery. To let people to do an informed determination, peculiarly in footings of hazard, can besides assist to better patient-doctor relationship. It is non merely a affair of content but besides how information is presented. ( Timmermans, Molewijk, Stiggelbout and Kevit 2004 ) . Many surveies have been conducted refering patients ‘ demands in footings of informed picks. ( e. g. Panton, R, 2009, Ulph, F. , 2008, Peters, E. , 2008, Coad, J. , 2007, Price M. , 2007, Paling, J. , 2003, Timmermans, D.R.M. , 2004, 2005, Briss, P. , 2004 O'Connor, A. , 2002, Fischhoff B. , 1999 ) . Paling points out that â€Å" effectual hazard communicating is the footing for informed patient consent for medical intervention, yet until late physicians have lagged behind other professionals in larning this accomplishment † ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) . â€Å" Professionals need to back up patients in doing picks by turning natural information into information that is more helpful to the treatments than the information † ( Edwards, A. , 2002 ) . Encouraged by a figure of research workers wellness professionals late more frequently seek to enable patients to adequately grok the hazard as its apprehension can be important for appropriate decision-making. They are confron ting a scope of obstructions and jobs of different sorts. Effective hazard communicating, says Fischhoff, â€Å" uses audience members ‘ clip good by supplying them with the information that they most need, in a signifier that they can easy grok † . Furthermore, he stresses, that â€Å" carry throughing this undertaking can be difficult because of jobs with both the sender and the receiving system † ( Fischhoff B. , 1999 ) . Communicating hazard is surely non an easy procedure because of its complexness and therefore can be disputing for the wellness professionals. Thun gives a brief overview of chief communicating troubles which American physicians are fighting with ; such as patient ‘s hapless numeracy accomplishments, limited cognition about the causes of malignant neoplastic disease, or hazard of malignant neoplastic disease, and besides jobs with remembering or construing chances ( Thun, M. , J. , 2008 ) . Many different dimensions and built-in uncertainnesss need to be taken into history, says Paling. Recent findings on the perceptual experience of hazards and benefits from a psychological position further perplex the undertaking. † ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) . Paling besides brings out the illustration of Lloyd and co-workers ‘ research, which suggested that â€Å" patients merely pull out the effect of any information-not the detail-to brand determinations † ( Lloyd A, et Al. 2001 ) . Furthermore, most patients ‘ comprehension of hazards is chiefly determined non by informations they receive but by emotions ( Paling, J. , 2003, Timmermans, R.D.M. , 2005, Klein, W. , M. , P. , Stefanek, M. , E. , 2007, Finucane, M.L. , 2008 ) . â€Å" Therefore, although most physicians can readily supply a competent history of the biomedical informations associating to a peculiar hazard, this alone is likely to be unfertile. If the patient ‘s feelings skew an apprehension of the facts, so his or her ability to do nonsubjective determinations about clinical direction will be impaired † ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) . 3.4.2 Using ocular AIDSs for showing chances Paling advises wellness professionals to utilize appropriate ocular AIDSs therefore patients from all backgrounds can understand their accounts. â€Å" Even in developed states significant Numberss of patients have hapless numeracy or literacy accomplishments and are likely to hold trouble understanding the significance of the Numberss that physicians wish to portion. For these people, ocular AIDSs can assist by demoing the Numberss in position. The pie chart ( pioneered by Florence Nightingale, fig. 1 ) is a premier illustration of a simple yet effectual ocular assistance, helpful to people at all academic degrees † ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) . Figure 1. Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East, graphs frequently described as roses, created by Florence Nightingale. As a innovator in set uping the importance of sanitation in infirmaries she aimed to pass on the gathered informations on associating decease tolls in infirmaries to cleanliness in most, as she assumed, effectual manner by utilizing in writing representation, similar to normally used now pie charts. ( www.understandinucerntainty.org/node/213 ) Paling has developed several tools for ‘helping to explicate the hazards of different orders of likeliness ‘ ( figs 2-3 ) . Figure 2. Paling PaletteA © -for exposing most medical hazards with a chance of higher than 1 in 1000. The physician or familial counselor fills in the relevant informations while sitting beside the patient. This format shows the estimations of positive and negative results at the same time and nowadayss unambiguous ocular representations of the chances. The patient may take a printout place for farther consideration, or the signifier may be signed by the patient and a transcript kept on file ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) . The manner physicians communicate hazard can impact a patient ‘s perceptual experience of hazards and hence, as Paling emphasiss that numerical informations should be enhanced with verbal accounts, physicians are supposed to utilize absolute Numberss alternatively utilizing comparative hazards or per centum betterments, he advises besides saying the odds from a positive and negative position and utilizing a consistent denominator. Figure 3. Revised Paling Perspective ScaleA © – for exposing hazards covering widely different orders of magnitude ( Paling, J. , 2003 ) ..O'Connor reexamining present determination AIDSs ; include brochures, tapes, videodisk, synergistic computing machine plans, or paper based charts, sees them as valuable and helpful for presentation and treatment of hazard information with patients. However, as she concludes â€Å" there go on to be excessively few surveies to find the effects of determination AIDSs on continuity with the chosen therapy, costs, or resource usage † and there is a demand for farther rating. ( O'Connor A. , 2009 ) . Timmermans distinguishes three formats for pass oning hazard: verbal footings, a numerical format, and a graphical format. Using artworks is considered to be utile for showing uncertainness. â€Å" When a thing is hard to understand, he says, it seems obvious to utilize artworks to explicate it. Graphical hazard information is assumed to assist persons to understand and sum up hazard information † ( Timmermans, R.D.M. , 2005 ) . However harmonizing to Timmermans surveies there is no important grounds on high quality of graphic over other formats in footings of pass oning hazards. However the presentation of icons was evaluated as really helpful, with indicant that grouped icons might be better than allocated icons. Vertical bars were evaluated as less suited manner to show hazard ( Timmermans, R.D.M. , et Al, 2004 ) . Center for Prenatal Diagnosis of the VU University Medical Center uses icons to explicate the consequences of a screening trial, ( Fig. 5 ) ( Timmermans, R.D.M. , 2005 ) . Similar to Paling Palettes nevertheless, alternatively of impersonal human silhouettes, emoticons were introduced. Smiling faces represent non affected persons whereas black points show the figure of opportunities of being pregnant with a kid with Down ‘s syndrome. Figure 5. Example of the hazard formats: the 1-year mortality hazards of the low-risk patient as presented, severally, in the numerical format, as stacked perpendicular bars and as icons ( indiscriminately located icons ) ( Timmermans, R.D.M. , et Al, 2004 ) . Figure. 6. The left image shows a normal opportunity ( i.e. non increased ) and the right image shows an increased opportunity of being pregnant with a kid with Down ‘s syndrome. ( Timmermans, R.D.M. , 2005 ) Parallel hazard pass oning in writing formats, derived from those designed by Paling, are presented by Edwards. One of them combines numerical informations, graduated table, and linguistic communication informations conveying degrees of increasing hazard ( figure 7 ) ( Edwards, A. , 2002 ) . Figure 7. Hazard linguistic communication proposal, derived from Paling Edwards nowadayss besides Visual Rx, an available online in writing tool, which is designed to assist in the procedure of interlingual rendition of grounds into pattern, the comparative step into an absolute step. And once more emoticons represent human participants, this clip four types of faces differing in facial look and colorss to mean the informations, fig.8. Figure 8. Portrayal of hazards and benefits of intervention with antibiotics for otitis media designed with Visual Rx, a plan that calculates Numberss needed to handle from the pooled consequences of a metaA ­analysis and bring forth a graphical show of the consequence ( Edwards, A. , 2002 ) . For original illustrations visit: www.nntonline.net/visualrx/examples/ Edwards ‘ surveies emphasize that information must be presented clearly. â€Å" Sometimes numerical informations entirely may do. The ocular presentation of hazard information has besides been explored. Some empirical surveies suggest that many patients prefer simple saloon charts to other formats such as thermometer graduated tables, crowd figures ( for illustration, demoing how many of 100 people are affected ) , survival curves, or pie charts ; other surveies have found that people may prefer presentations that lead them to less accurate perceptual experiences of hazard † ( Edwards, A. , 2002 ) . Lipkus and Holland present an overview of in writing formats for pass oning hazard ; they give the illustrations of ocular shows that have been introduced to supply effectual hazard information such as hazard ladder, Chernoff faces, line graphs, points, marbles, pie chart and histogram. Figure 9. Examples of ocular shows that have been used to pass on hazard. Research workers have used the following to exemplify hazard: ( a ) hazard ladder ; ( B ) stick, human, Chernoff faces ; ( degree Celsius ) line graph ; ( vitamin D ) points and Xs in which the Xs represent those affected by the jeopardy ; ( vitamin E ) marbles ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) pie chart ( informations are fabricated ) ; and histogram. Reprinted with permission of writer. ( Lipkus, and Hollands, 1999 ) Figure 10. Example of a Nightingale rose. For each rose, a circle is divided into multiple parts of equal angle ; the radius of each piece is used to picture the measure of involvement. Because the informations for each season are in the same place in each rose, it is easy to compare them. The informations are fictional. ( Lipkus, and Hollands, 1999 ) Figure 11. Example of a hazard ladder conveying the hazards of Rn. Radon degrees are being compared with the figure of coffin nails smoked and the figure of excess malignant neoplastic disease deceases. On the right, the ladder displays an action criterion ( indicating pointer of 4 pCi/L ) , along with advice on how to construe Rn degrees and the action that is required, if any. Reprinted with permission of writer. ( Lipkus, and Hollands, 1999 ) Figure 12. Pie chart developed by the National Cancer Institute and evaluated by focal point groups to picture lung malignant neoplastic disease hazard as a map of smoke and Rn exposure. Reprinted with permission from the National Cancer Institute ( 49 ) . Fig. 13. A graph with a low data-ink ratio. Notice the sum of ink devoted to objects that do non incorporate the information of involvement ( images, busy background, horizontal grid lines, patterned fills on the bars, etc. ) ( Lipkus, and Hollands, 1999 ) . Figure 14. Ibrekk and Morgan ‘s recommended graphical secret plans to pass on quantitative uncertainnesss. This illustration of a cumulative distribution map is plotted straight below the chance denseness map with the same horizontal graduated table and with the location of the mean marked by a point. Reprinted with permission. ( Ibrekk H, Morgan GM, 1987, in Lipkus, and Hollands, 1999 ) Showing these information format illustrations, Lipkus and Holland were on the early phases of their research on how â€Å" supplying ocular shows of malignant neoplastic disease hazard per Se affects hazard perceptual experience, decision-making procedures, and, finally, behavior † . They stressed that due to multidimensionality of hazard, coactions between assorted subjects and organisations are needed. â€Å" Working coaction between experts in human factors, psychological science, sociology, psychophysics, graph perceptual experience, and the mass media is likely to take to more integrative and fresh attacks than research within a individual subject † ( Lipkus and Hollands, 1999 ) . The research indicates a demand to â€Å" determine the extent to which artworks and other visuals heighten the populace ‘s apprehension of disease hazard to ease decision-making and behavioral alteration procedures † ( Lipkus and Hollands, 1999 ) . Anckner and co-workers more late searched for rating surveies of graphs describing, chances, frequences, or opportunities of wellness events that had non been covered in Lipkus and Hollands ‘ reappraisal ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) . They excluded commentaries and instructions covered already by Edwards and co-workers ( Edwards et al. , 2002 ) besides surveies of hurting graduated tables, public-service corporation steps, or illustrations that communicated dainty or insouciant relationships, and surveies in which artworks were non used as an independent variable ( Elwyn et al. , 2004, Schapira et al. , 2000 ) . Harmonizing to the findings the pick of in writing format for hazard communicating depends upon the intent ; different formats should be used for heightening quantitative apprehension or advance good arithmetic judgements, whereas others to advance behavior alteration ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) . Furthermore Anckner points out that â€Å" for good quantitative judgements the size of in writing component should be relative to the figure it portraits † , otherwise people can be more influenced by the size than by the figure. Research showed that part-to-whole saloon charts and part-to-whole consecutive ordered icons arrays can be used to assist viewing audiences grok the mathematical proportion ( Stone et al, 2003, Schirillo et al. , 2005 ) . Furthermore â€Å" this may assist them de-emphasise the emotional content of attach toing text † ( Anckner et al, 2006, Fagerlin A, 2005 ) . With experts and ballad users given some direction, survival curves can be utile for pulling attending to information that is otherwise ignored, such as middle-term results ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) . Patients can separate proportions rather successfully with part-to-whole consecutive icon arrays. However, say Anckner et al. , proportions are hard to measure in indiscriminately arranged i con arrays and perchance besides when the icons are jittered. This could account for the disfavor of random-arrangement arrays found in qualitative surveies ( Feldman-Stewart et al. , 2000 ) â€Å" Therefore, consecutive arranged icon arrays may be better than random 1s in any state of affairs that requires the spectator to gauge a proportion or compare two proportions † ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) . Research workers stressed that extra work may be needed to corroborate the intimation in some surveies that indiscriminately arranged icon arrays help convey the hard construct of opportunity or uncertainness ( Baty et al. , 1997, Witte K. , 1997 ) . Anckner and co-workers found that comparatively few surveies have attempted to show the even more hard construct of uncertainness around a chance estimation ( assurance intervals ) .Therefore pass oning an uncertainness in hazards â€Å" should be a subject for go oning survey, given older findings that laypeople are frequently unfamiliar with the construct of scientific uncertainness † ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) . They besides province that qualitative research is of import to larn more about how patients interpret graphs, nevertheless â€Å" trusting excessively to a great extent on patients ‘ likes and disfavors may present a job because they sometimes like artworks that lead to hapless quantitative judgements † Research workers expect that future research will assist develop artworks that are both acceptable and successful in advancing quantitative judgements or behavioural results ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) . Furthermore they advice to take in history interactions with instruction degree, literacy, numeracy, and civilization, therefore they are of import go oning countries of research. In decision they point out that although graphs frequently seem to be more intuitive than words, the literature shows that graphical literacy is strongly affected by expertness and acquaintance with specific graphical formats. Furthermore the direction might be needed to enable patients to construe certain formats. ( Anckner et al, 2006 ) . A late issued set of guidelines for making patient determination AIDSs recommends the usage of multiple hazard presentation formats ( O'Connor AM, 2007, 2009 ) . This recommendation supports the consequences of research conducted by Dolan ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) . Harmonizing to his survey the most preferable was a combined format ( combined augmented saloon chart + flow diagram ) and all three combined formats were more preferable than the three individual format options included in the survey, Fig. 17 ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) . Dolan ‘s survey has several restrictions, nevertheless there is a clear suggestion that patients may prefer combined, instead than individual, in writing hazard presentation formats and that augmented saloon charts and icon shows may be utile for conveying comparative information about little hazards to clinical determination shapers. Nevertheless Dolan suggests that farther research to corroborate and widen these findings is needed ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) . Whether patient penchants are affected by different coloring material strategies, axis data format, the size of the show, and other design features remains unknown. Figure 15. The augmented saloon chart. The left manus panel is a standard saloon chart demoing the full dataset. The right manus panel magnifies the differences between the two options so the magnitude of the differences can be seen more clearly ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) . Figure 16. The augmented icon show. The left manus panel is a standard icon show demoing the full dataset. The right manus panel magnifies the differences between the two options so the magnitude of the differences can be seen more clearly. The ruddy diamonds indicate patients with malignant neoplastic disease, the green diamonds indicate patients without malignant neoplastic disease, and the broken diamond symbol indicates malignant neoplastic diseases prevented through showing and screening-related intercessions ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) . Figure 13. The flow diagram. Figure 17. Example penchant comparing screenshot. This figure shows the screen used by the survey subjects to do the comparings among the hazard presentation formats. The skidder used to bespeak their strength of penchant, if any, is shown in the top panel. The magnitude of penchant was indicated in the numeral box to the right and in the linked horizontal saloon charts and pie chart below. The panel in the upper left is the bill of fare screen used to travel from one comparing to the following ( Dolan J. G. , 2008 ) . Most late Lin and co-workers carried on research on showing the hazards of fatal abnormalcy to pregnant adult females as an of import in reding prior to offering antenatal showing trials. Furthermore they province that these hazards must be balanced against the hazards of injury caused by diagnostic probes that frequently means that patients and professionals are faced with hard judgements. Research considered how these ocular presentation tools can be developed to pass on hazard more efficaciously, particularly in the quandary determination doing procedure. Related surveies have revealed that ocular presentation such as artworks ; illustration and images affect perceived hazard, attitude and behaviour. A questionnaire method was applied to this research to measure 9 different formats of dilemma determination devising tools ( Lin, F-S. et Al. 2009 ) . Figure 18. 9 different formats of dilemma state of affairs were developed in this research and all of them were adopted the same information of the hazard for pregnant adult females to gestate babes with Down ‘s syndrome, and the opportunity of amniocentesis doing abortion. Two comparative informations were juxtapose together to see if the quandary state of affairs will impact their picks, including text format, ratio informations format, proportion informations format, histogram format, pie chart format, abstract image format, distinct concrete image format ( the icons are arranged as a block and touching each other ) , consecutive concrete image format ( the icons are non touching each other ) , and a composite format ( Lin, F-S. et Al. 2009 ) . Similarly to old related research, Lin and co-workers found that different ocular tools will impact people ‘s hazard perceptual experience ; nevertheless it would non impact their picks of proving, although there is differentiation consequently to the age groups. The research shows that any instructions provided to people in any clip or any topographic points will all impact their determination devising. When seeking to pass on the intervention options with patients, the research workers advised, take patients ‘ â€Å" life manners, backgrounds, or even the societal phenomena in to consideration to supply balanced value-neutral and most helpful information to them to do appropriate determinations † ( Lin, F-S. et Al. 2009 ) . One of the surveies conducted by Fillingham on ‘best pattern in design for patient information ‘ suggests that â€Å" utilizing statistics, exposures and illustrations are amongst the most popular picks for how participants think hazard should be explained to them. Furthermore, exposure and illustrations allow people to understand and visualize processs explained within the text of a cusp † ( Fillingham, S. , 2008 ) . Figure 19. Hazard perceptual experience piece inspired by Paling Palette ( Fillingham, S. , 2008 ) Fillingham designed a scope of icons for based on the Paling Palettes information sheets. His purpose was to make an educational and synergistic signifier utilizing artworks, icons and illustrations. As an result he produced a chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard game and chest malignant neoplastic disease testing perceptual experience game and besides redesigned hazard informing cusps. Figure 16. Cervical malignant neoplastic disease hazard chart ( Fillingham, S. , 2008 ) Figure 20. Cervical malignant neoplastic disease reply sheet ( Fillingham, S. , 2008 ) Introducing icons-stickers along with a game format made a design more synergistic, which can better patient-doctor relationship by leting the hazard information to flux in both waies ; both participant and doctor can profit from, garnering of import information. Furthermore, as Fillingham suggests this game experience could be more entertaining and enjoyable than reading a text based cusp and therefore the information can be recalled more efficaciously by the participant ( Fillingham, S. , 2008 ) . Importantly, while transporting on his research, Fillingham managed to roll up indispensable informations on sensed hazard every bit good as participants ‘ personal penchant of text or a in writing based medium. The survey shows that patients favoured lighter and brighter colorss over darker colorss, which frequently have negative associations. Therefore the writer recommended usage of these lighter colorss within hazard cusps for positive associations. Furthermore color informations collected shows that light blue, pink and yellow were amongst the most popular/favourite colorss chosen by participants ( Fillingham, S. , 2008 ) . [ More about coloring material and artworks analysis in chapter 4 ] A survey conducted by Panton in her research looks at hazard information provided to parents of kids with malignant neoplastic disease. ( eCancerCare system, DePICT Roadmap cards, fig. 21, 22 ) . Parents are frequently confronted with inexplicable, complex information that is severely designed to efficaciously pass on multiple intervention options, hazards, and outcomes. Therefore â€Å" a clear apprehension of hazard is peculiarly of import in these treatments, and necessary for to the full informed consent to accomplish optimum patient attention † ( Panton, R. , 2009 ) . Figure 21. eCancerCare is a system of point-of-care disease-specific databases that ‘dock ‘ with the standard electronic medical record to supply inside informations non available in the institutional record: ( a ) Individual patient informations are viewed under checks that accommodate the demands of each disease site, designed by the site group squad. For illustration, eCancerCareRB incorporates retinal drawings and digital images that provide elaborate information on intraocular tumors. ( B ) DePICT provides a graphical representation of each oculus, bespeaking the badness of disease at diagnosing ( Group D in each oculus in this instance ) with symbols bespeaking the interventions delivered ( Panton, R. , 2009 ) . Figure 22. Legend and DePICT Roadmap cards stand foring interventions over 5 old ages after initial diagnosing for nine eyes showing with the same badness of intraocular retinoblastoma for Groups A to E of the International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification ( Panton, R. , 2009 ) . Panton ‘s surveies shows that â€Å" understanding hazard is related to parent age, with older parents averaging higher tonss, irrespective of instruction attainment or first linguistic communication. Our consequences, says Panton, may besides connote that parental apprehension of hazard is related to their bid of the linguistic communication used by the clinician † ( Panton, R. , 2009 ) . 3.4.3 Communicating hazard to children/young patients. Health professionals make an effort to affect kids in the determination devising procedure and supply both verbal and written information. The bulk of wellness information is designed by grownups and is in the signifier of cusps. There is no grounds whether such information is appropriate for kids. Furthermore there is still excessively little figure of surveies refering ocular hazard information addressed to kids. Which format of information is most suited for immature patients to pass on hazard? Can they comprehend hazard every bit to grownups ; does their response to the formats differ? The survey of hazardous decision-making have been comparatively rare, nevertheless several research workers have approached this complex topic and managed to develop, suited for childs, undertakings, which aim to capture developmental tendencies in hazardous decision-making procedure ( e. g. Harbaugh et al. , 2002, Reyna, V. F. , & A ; Ellis, S. C. , 1994, Schlottmann, 2000, 2001 ) . One of these conducted by Schlottmann purposes to find â€Å" kids ‘s scheme for measuring complex gambles with alternate awards for alternate results † ( Schlottmann A. , 2001 ) . To happen the winning result, a marble is shaken in a clear tubing inset with a bicolour strip. Probability is manipulated by changing the figure of little or really big awards that could be won on one result ( 1 or 10 crayons on yellow ) , while the other result carried intermediate awards ( 3 or 6 crayons on blue ) . Children judged how happy a marionette would be to play the game, the judgement taken as a step of Expected Value, fig. 23 ( Schlottmann A. , 2001 ) . Figure 23. Conventional of two sample games. A marble could set down on either tubing section, and the marionette would win the award placed by that section. The two games illustrate that the same physical cue has different significance in the context of different games: In the top illustration, the one unit xanthous section represents.2 chance, in the bottom illustration.5. In the top illustration, the six crayon award for bluish makes it the higher value, hazardous option, but in the bottom illustration this is the lower value certain thing. ( Schlottmann, A. , 2001 ) The survey found that ‘all age groups ( 6 old ages old, 9 old ages old and grownups ) used similar intuitive operations ‘ . The writer suggests that there is similar intuitive potency for the instruction of judgment/ determination in kids and grownups ( Schlottmann A. , 2001 ) . This survey does non include hazard factor, which can significantly impact chance perceptual experience. Levin and Hart ( Levin et al. , 2003, 2007 ) addressed the inquiry about the age that kids should be provided with the hazard information at and when they become capable to grok hazard information, and chance issues in peculiar. Research workers used cups ‘ undertaking game where chance is conveyed by the figure of cups from which choose. The research found that 6-year-old kids make their determinations on the footing of both chance and result information, nevertheless they made more hazardous picks than grownups ( they parents ) . On the footing of old surveies current writers ( Levin et al. , 2007 ) and others ( e. g. Harbaugh et al. , 2002, Reyna, V. F. , & A ; Ellis, S. C. , 1994, Schlottmann, A. , & A ; Tring J. , 2007 ) concluded that immature kids possess the basic apprehension and the ability to see both chance and outcome information in footings of hazard associated decision-making procedure. Furthermore they anticipate that future research will be able to â€Å" track how different phases of impersonal development individually impact the emotional and cognitive constituents of adaptative determination devising † ( Levin et al. , 2007 ) . Latest surveies by Figner and co-workers seem to corroborate that there is still a deficiency of indispensable research looking into â€Å" the mechanism underlying developmental differences in hazardous determination devising † , there is still non plenty informations on single differences in hazard pickings, such as trust on affective/deliberative schemes and information usage which could take this procedure ( Figner et al. , 2009 ) . Ulph and co-workers carried on research to happen out how hazard should be communicated to kids, comparing different formats of chance information. Similarly to earlier research workers ( Levin et al. , 2007 ) , she used cup game test to analyze child ability to grok complex hazard information fig. 24 ( a, B, degree Celsius ) . â€Å" In each test the kid was asked to choose the cup which was most likely to hold a ball underneath it based on the chance provided under each cup. The kids were asked if they recognised each format and whether they required an account † ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 ) . If the kid selected the cup with the highest chance depicted below it the kid was given one point. The survey showed that there was a important relationship between format and comprehension tonss and kids performed significantly better when chance was presented as a pie chart, in comparing to per centums, proportion – notation, proportion-word and assorted format tests. Furthermore, most kids ( 84 % ) got all tests correct for this format and kids were significantly more certain that their response was r ight in the pie chart tests compared to all the other formats ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) † ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 ) . Figure 24a. Illustration of one cup game test ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 ) Figure 24b. Illustration of a pie chart format test in which the visible radiation subdivision indicates the likeliness of the ball being under that cup. ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 ) . Figure 24c Illustration of assorted format test ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 ) . The consequences of Fiona Ulph and co-workers ‘ surveies suggest â€Å" that 7-11 twelvemonth olds can understand chance information, but that the format used will significantly impact the truth and assurance with which kids in this age group make opinions about the likeliness of an event. Of the formats studied, pie charts appear to be the optimum method of showing probabilistic information to kids in this age group † . She concludes that wellness professionals and interior decorators of wellness messages should be cognizant of this when pass oning medical information to kids aged 7-11 old ages old ( Ulph F. , Townsend E. , Glazebrook C. , 2009 ) . Figner and co-workers investigated hazard taking and underlying information usage in 13- to 16- and 17- to 19-years-old striplings and grownups, utilizing a fresh dynamic risk-taking undertaking, the Columbia Card Task ( CCT ) , fig. 25 ( Figner et al. , 2009 ) . They used digital based tests of hazardous cart game ; smileys ( emoticons ) mark the successfully exposed cards. Figure 25. Screenshots of the hot ( left panel ) and cold ( right panel ) Columbia Card Task ( Figner et al. , 2009 ) . As shown in Figure 25, both the hot and the cold versions of the CCT involve 32 cards, displayed in four rows of 8 cards each. At the beginning of each test, all cards are shown face down. The regulations of the game are as follows: Within a given test, cards can be turned over every bit long as addition cards are encountered. Each addition card adds a specified addition sum to the test final payment, and the participant can voluntarily halt the test at any point and claim the obtained final payment. Equally shortly as a loss card is encountered, the test terminates ; that is, no more cards can be turned over and a specified loss sum is subtracted from the old final payment. The top of the screen displays the undermentioned information for a given test: figure of concealed loss cards ( out of 32 ) , sum of addition per addition card, sum of loss, and current test figure. A full factorial within-subject design varied the three game parametric quantities or factors between tests: ( a ) chance of a loss ( 1, 2, or 3 loss cards ) , ( B ) addition sum ( 10, 20, or 30 points per addition card ) , and ( degree Celsius ) loss sum ( 250, 500, or 750 points ) . Showing each of the 27 combinations of factor degrees twice resulted in 54 tests, with the tests indiscriminately ordered within each of the two blocks of 27 tests ( Figner et al. , 2009 ) . The research showed that there is no important difference in footings of doing picks in cold ( more deliberative ) or hot ( affectional ) quandary state of affairss, they seem to react every bit. Furthermore, as observed in this survey â€Å" hazard pickings occurs when the urge from the affectional system overrides deliberative urges to avoid hazard † and besides relaying excessively much on deliberation can take to â€Å" increased hazard taking in striplings in state of affairss in which grownups would ne'er of all time see the pros and cons but instinctively would avoid a hazard because of strong fright response † ( Figner et al. , 2009 ) . As it was mentioned before Figner hopes that farther research will convey more information on childhood, adolescence and maturity hazard perceptual experience and its developmental passages. 3.4.4 Decision Harmonizing to bing surveies different ocular tools can impact people ‘s hazard perceptual experience, nevertheless how people perceived hazards would non impact their picks, the determination doing procedure can differ harmonizing to age groups. Therefore developing in writing format for hazard communicating we need to take into history patients age, literacy degree, their life manners, backgrounds, or single penchants to supply most comprehensive and accessible information to help them to doing appropriate determinations. Thus multidimensionality of hazard requires coactions between assorted subjects and administrations. All research workers urge that farther research is needed and anticipate that country of ocular hazard communicating for doing informed picks will go on to spread out and develop..